Figure 1.

Target position. Five small targets (1.0 × 1.5 cm) were placed in front of the shoulder joint of the subject. The distance from the shoulder joint was adjusted to 80% of the upper arm length of the each subject. Target positions required shoulder flexion of 45 deg (T45), 60 deg (T60), 75 deg (T75), 90 deg (T90), and 105 deg (T105).